Iran and six world powers, led by the United States, reached a formal
agreement early Tuesday aimed at curbing Tehran's nuclear program in
exchange for billions of dollars in international sanctions relief.
Diplomats from both sides confirmed the deal had been reached after
the latest 18-day round of intense and often fractious negotiations in
Vienna, Austria blew through three self-imposed deadlines. A final
meeting between the foreign ministers of Iran, the United States,
Britain, China, France, Germany and Russia was underway Tuesday morning,
with a press conference expected to follow. President Barack Obama was
to make a statement on the agreement from the White House at 7 a.m. ET.
There was no immediate comment on the agreement from U.S. officials,
but Iranian Foreign Minister Javad Zarif described the accord as "a
historic moment" as he attended the final session.
"We are reaching an agreement that is not perfect for anybody, but it
is what we could accomplish," Zarif continued, "and it is an important
achievement for all of us. Today could have been the end of hope on this
issue. But now we are starting a new chapter of hope."
Federica Mogherini, the European Union foreign policy chief, called it "a sign of hope for the entire world."
The Associated Press reported that the accord is meant to keep Iran
from producing enough material for a nuclear weapon for at least 10
years and will impose new provisions for inspections of Iranian
facilities, including military sites.
Diplomats said Iran agreed to the continuation of a United Nations
arms embargo on the country for up to five more years, though it could
end earlier if the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
definitively clears Iran of any current work on nuclear weapons. A
similar condition was put on U.N. restrictions on the transfer of
ballistic missile technology to Tehran, which could last for up to eight
more years.
Reuters reported,
citing Western diplomats, that Iran had agreed to a so-called
"snapback" provision, under which sanctions could be reinstated in 65
days if it violated the agreement.
Washington had sought to maintain the ban on Iran importing and
exporting weapons, concerned that an Islamic theoracy flush with cash
from the nuclear deal would expand its military assistance for Syrian
President Bashar Assad's government, Yemen's Houthi rebels, the Lebanese
militant group Hezbollah and other forces opposing America's Mideast
allies such as Saudi Arabia and Israel.
Iranian leaders insisted the embargo had to end as their forces
combat regional scourges such as ISIS. And they got some support from
China and particularly Russia, which wants to expand military
cooperation and arms sales to Tehran, including the long-delayed
transfer of S-300 advanced air defense systems -- a move long opposed by
the United States.
The last major sticking point appeared to be whether international
weapons inspectors would be given access to Iranian nuclear sites. The
deal includes a compromise between Washington and Tehran that would
allow U.N. inspectors to press for visits to Iranian military sites as
part of their monitoring duties. However, access at will to any site
would not necessarily be granted and even if so, could be delayed, a
condition that critics of the deal are sure to seize on as possibly
giving Tehran time to cover any sign of non-compliance with its
commitments.
Under the deal, Tehran would have the right to challenge the U.N
request and an arbitration board composed of Iran and the six world
powers that negotiated with it would have to decide on the issue. Such
an arrangement would still be a notable departure from assertions by top
Iranian officials, including supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei,
that their country would never allow the IAEA into such sites. Iran has
argued that such visits by the IAEA would be a cover for spying on its
military secrets.
The IAEA also wants the access to complete its long-stymied
investigation of past weapons work by Iran, and the U.S. says Iranian
cooperation is needed for all economic sanctions to be lifted. IAEA
chief Yukiya Amano said Tuesday his agency and Iran had signed a
"roadmap" to resolve outstanding concerns.
"This is a significant step forward towards clarifying outstanding
issues regarding Iran’s nuclear program," Amano said in a statement
released Tuesday. "It sets out a clear sequence of activities over the
coming months, including the provision by Iran of explanations regarding
outstanding issues."
The economic benefits for Iran are potentially massive. It stands to
receive more than $100 billion in assets frozen overseas, and an end to a
European oil embargo and various financial restrictions on Iranian
banks.
The overall nuclear deal comes after nearly a decade of
international, intercontinental diplomacy that until recently was
defined by failure. Breaks in the talks sometimes lasted for months, and
Iran's nascent nuclear program expanded into one that Western
intelligence agencies saw as only a couple of months away from weapons
capacity. The U.S. and Israel both threatened possible military
responses.
The United States joined the negotiations in 2008, and U.S. and
Iranian officials met together secretly four years later in Oman to see
if diplomatic progress was possible. But the process remained
essentially stalemated until summer 2013, when Hassan Rouhani was
elected president and declared his country ready for serious compromise.
More secret U.S.-Iranian discussions followed, culminating in a
face-to-face meeting between Secretary of State John Kerry and Iranian
Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif at the United Nations in September
2013 and a telephone conversation between Rouhani and President Barack
Obama. That conversation marked the two countries' highest diplomatic
exchange since Iran's 1979 Islamic Revolution and the ensuing hostage
crisis at the American embassy in Tehran.
Kerry and Zarif took the lead in the negotiations. Two months later,
in Geneva, Iran and the six powers announced an interim agreement that
temporarily curbed Tehran's nuclear program and unfroze some Iranian
assets while setting the stage for Tuesday's comprehensive accord.
It took time to get the final deal, however. The talks missed
deadlines for the pact in July 2014 and November 2014, leading to long
extensions. Finally, in early April, negotiators reached framework deal
in Lausanne, Switzerland, setting up the last push for the historic
agreement.
Protracted negotiations still lie ahead to put the agreement into
practice and deep suspicion reigns on all sides about violations that
could unravel the accord. And spoilers abound.
In the United States, Congress has a 60-day review period during
which Obama cannot make good on any concessions to the Iranians. U.S.
lawmakers could hold a vote of disapproval and take further action.
Iranian hardliners oppose dismantling a nuclear program the country
has spent hundreds of billions of dollars developing. Khamenei, while
supportive of his negotiators thus far, has issued a series of defiant
red lines that may be impossible to reconcile in a deal with the West.
And further afield, Israel will strongly oppose the outcome. It sees
the acceptance of extensive Iranian nuclear infrastructure and continued
nuclear activity as a mortal threat, and has warned that it could take
military action on its own, if necessary.
The deal is a "bad mistake of historic proportions," Israeli Prime
Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said Tuesday, adding that it would enable
Iran to "continue to pursue its aggression and terror in the region."
Sunni Arab rivals of Shiite Iran are none too happy, either, with
Saudi Arabia in particularly issuing veiled threats to develop its own
nuclear program.