Stephen Hawking, the famed theoretical physicist who
defied a diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis to live virtually
his entire adult life with the disease – in a wheelchair and paralyzed
but making constant contributions to a world few could understand – has
died at age 76, a family spokesman said.
Although Hawking may have been incapacitated
physically, he managed to write books, including the best seller "A
Brief History of Time," teach physics and mathematics, deliver speeches
and even float in zero gravity, all while working in the fields of
cosmology and quantum gravity.
He was not modest about what he wanted to do. "My goal
is simple," he once said. "It is a complete understanding of the
universe, why it is as it is and why it exists at all."
"My goal is simple. It is a complete understanding of the universe, why it is as it is, and why it exists at all."
- Stephen Hawking
Hawking reached his eighth decade, but was forced to
miss a scientific debate to mark his 70th birthday in January 2012
because he was discharged from a hospital only two days earlier. His
personal assistant told the Daily Telegraph at the time his speech was
getting noticeably slower, sometimes only a word a minute.
As part of the events surrounding his birthday,
Hawking gave a rare interview to New Scientist magazine and declared
there was still one puzzle left for him. Asked what he thought about
most during the day, Hawking replied, "Women. They are a complete
mystery."
In earlier interviews, Hawking was frank about his
physical restrictions. "I'm sure my disability has a bearing on why I'm
well known," he said in an interview with the BBC. "People are
fascinated by the contrast between my very limited physical powers, and
the vast nature of the universe I deal with.
"I'm the archetype of a disabled genius, or should I
say a physically challenged genius, to be politically correct. At least
I'm obviously physically challenged. Whether I'm a genius is more open
to doubt."
Hawking was married and divorced twice. His first
wife, Jane Wilde, was a fellow student at Cambridge to whom he was
married for 28 years. He then married his nurse, Elaine Mason, whom he
was with for 11 years before they separated.
He is survived by three children from his first marriage, Robert, Timothy and Lucy.
Stephen Hawking with Nelson Mandela in an undated photo.
Stephen William Hawking was born Jan. 8, 1942, in Oxford, England. He had two younger sisters and an adopted brother.
Hawking developed an early interest in science and
mathematics, and when he was old enough his father, a medical
researcher, encouraged him to apply to Oxford.
While there, Hawking began his studies in physics, and
developed an interest in thermodynamics, relativity, and quantum
mechanics.
After graduating from Oxford, Hawking studied at
Cambridge, where he was diagnosed with ALS. Also known as Lou Gehrig's
Disease, ALS is a fatal, motor neuron disease that causes progressive
muscle weakness and atrophy.
Stephen Hawking with Pope Benedict XVI.
He later said the diagnosis prompted recurring dreams in which he would sacrifice his own life to save others.
"After all, if I were going to die anyway, it might as
well do some good," he said. "But I didn't die. In fact, although there
was a cloud hanging over my future, I found, to my surprise, that I was
enjoying life in the present more than before."
Shortly after earning his PhD, Hawking became a
professor at Cambridge, working as a research fellow then a professorial
fellow before becoming the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics. That same
position, which he held from 1979 to 2009, was held by Isaac Newton in
1669.
Hawking was awarded 12 honorary degrees and was
elected one of the youngest Fellows of the Royal Society in 1974. He was
later made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1982 and a
Companion of Honor in 1989. He is also a member of the US National
Academy of Science and was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in
2009.
Hawking's research focused on cosmology and the basic
laws of the universe. Along with Roger Pemrose, he applied a new model
to Einstein's General Theory of Relativity. The model showed that space
and time are infinite, and they would begin with the Big Bang and end
with black holes.
He also concluded that black holes should emit radiation, and that the universe has no edge or boundary in imaginary time.
Hawking was never afraid to voice his opinion, even if it could be considered controversial.
Using a mathematical basis, he said he was almost
certain that alien life existed in other parts of the universe. "The
numbers alone make thinking about aliens perfectly rational," he said.
"The real challenge is to work out what aliens might actually be like."
Stephen Hawking with Bill Gates.
He also took a jab at religion, saying, "I regard the
brain as a computer which will stop working when its components fail.
There is no heaven or afterlife for broken down computers; that is a
fairy story for people afraid of the dark."
In 2007, Hawking became the first quadriplegic to float
in zero-gravity when he took a flight in a NASA aircraft used to train
astronauts. When asked why he was taking the flight, he said, "First of
all, I believe that life on Earth is at an ever-increasing risk of being
wiped out by a disaster such as sudden nuclear war, a genetically
engineered virus, or other dangers. I think the human race has no future
if it doesn't go into space. I therefore want to encourage public
interest in space."
"I believe that life on Earth is at an ever-increasing
risk of being wiped out by a disaster such as sudden nuclear war, a
genetically engineered virus, or other dangers. I think the human race
has no future if it doesn't go into space."
- Stephen Hawking
Hawking – or his animated lookalike -- appeared on
numerous television shows, including "Star Trek: The Next Generation,"
"The Simpsons," "Family Guy," and "Dilbert." In some instances he
appeared as himself, while in others animated characters were created to
resemble him.
A 2014 biopic, “The Theory of Everything,” examined the
courtship, marriage and eventual separation of Hawking and his first
wife, Jane. The movie, which was directed by James Marsh, starred
British actor Eddie Redmayne as the famous physicist.
In order to communicate, Hawking used a computer system
attached to his wheelchair. He used a switch to select words printed on
a screen, and as he formed sentences they were sent to a speech
synthesizer.
His accent was described as Scandinavian, American, or
Scottish. Hawking began using the voice synthesizer in 1985, when he
contracted pneumonia and had an emergency tracheotomy.